Module 3 Modules


Alterations in Oxygenation -- Respiratory


Subheadings Reading Purposes Reading Guides Terminology Study Questions Exercises

Reading:

Porth, C.M. (2007)  Essentials of Pathophysiology:  Selected portions of chapters 20-22. 

Remember to review the textbook website at http://thePoint.LWW.com/PorthEssentials for links to chapter-related resources with animations and chapter review questions.

line break

To Top

Purposes:

list bullet Review the normal anatomy and physiology of the respiratory system as a basis for understanding the pathophysiological changes that occur in disease;

list bullet Contrast various obstructive and restrictive pulmonary diseases;

list bullet Compare and contrast the manifestations of the various forms of chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases;

list bullet Discuss clinical features of respiratory failure and rationalize the modes of treatment on the basis of the underlying etiology and pathophysiology;

list bullet Discuss common pulmonary disorders in children.

line break

To Top

Reading Guide:

To direct your readings in the chapters listed above, refer to the end-of-chapter review exercises. The chapters are short, but there's still lots of reading and you'll want to limit that a little!

line break

To Top

Terminology:

The list below contains terminology and concepts you should know:

Respiratory system anatomy
 

Respiratory "tree"

 Alveolar-capillary (respiratory) membrane (click on cancel twice in the box that appears, for access to this content)

 

 Alveoli    More anatomy

Alveolus

Chest X-ray
Surfactant/surface tension Compliance, atmospheric pressure, pleural pressure Role of elastic recoil of the lung in expiration
Bronchial/pulmonary circulation Hering-Breuer reflex Gases in environment
Spirogram (lung volumes), residual volume) and capacities (total lung capacity, vital capacity, functional residual capacity) Oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve/hemoglobin saturation Diffusion of gases
Normal ABGs Dyspnea/orthopnea/shortness of breath/tachypnea/apnea/paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea Kussmaul respirations
Ventilation/perfusion ratio Hyperventilation/Hypoventilation/effect of each on CO2 levels Cheyne-Stokes respirations
Hemoptysis/hemothorax/cyanosis/
clubbing/hypoxemia/hypoxia/
hypercapnia		 Bronchiectasis/bronchiolitis Croup (laryngotracheobronchitis)
Atelectasis (compression, absorption) Pleurisy/pleural effusion/
empyema/abscess		 Bullae, blebs
Pneumothorax (open, closed, tension) Pneumoconiosis Oxygen toxicity
Pulmonary fibrosis Cystic fibrosis, mucoviscidosis, Obstructive vs. restrictive lung diseases
COPD (chronic bronchitis, emphysema) Pulmonary diseases Adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)
Respiratory Distress Syndrome of the Newborn (Hyaline membrane disease) Pneumonia/Consolidation Tuberculosis
Cancer of the lung Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome SARS
Mechanics of breathing    

line break

To Top

Study Questions:

  1. How does the gas exchange portion of the airway differ from the conducting portion of the airway?
  2. Give a brief description of the alveolar-capillary (respiratory) membrane through which the respiratory gases have to diffuse.
  3. The lungs have both a bronchial circulation as well as a pulmonary circulation; which is part of the gas-exchange system?
  4. Where are the parietal and visceral pleura? What maintains the negative intra-pleural pressure?
  5. The movement of what muscle accounts for about 80% of the increase in the capacity of the thoracic cage during inspiration?
  6. What is the role of sympathetics nerve fibers on bronchi and on the rate and depth of ventilation? What is the effect of parasympathetic nervous sytem on bronchi and on rate and depth of ventilation?
  7. What is the normal V/Q relationship?
  8. What is the major means of transport of O2 in the bloodstream?
  9. When blood leaves the lungs, what is its normal level of saturation? What does saturation represent?
  10. What are some factors that increase the work of breathing?
  11. Compliance, a measure of distensibility of the lungs and the chest wall, may be either increased or decreased in diseases. What is a disease associated with increased compliance? What is a disease associated with decreased compliance?
  12. If pulmonary capillary hydrostatic pressure increases above normal or capillary oncotic pressure decreases below normal, what is the effect on pulmonary edema?
  13. What is a major difference between acute and chronic bronchitis (which one is reversible)?
  14. How is chronic bronchitis defined?
  15. Which of the two types of emphysema (centrilobular or panlobular) is most likely to exist in smokers? Which is caused by the autosomal recessive trait of alpha antiprotease deficiency?
  16. What autosomal recessive disease in children is an example of an obstructive pulmonary disease?

 

line break

To Top

Exercise:

Test your knowledge of respiratory terms by selecting the one best answer to the Module 3 Exercise in Angel. Go to Module 3 under Lessons to find the exercise.  Remember this exercise is for a point of extra credit!

Discussion group:

The deadline for participation in the discussion group for this module is midnight on Sunday, Sept. 17th.

Remember:   Your target date for completing this material is Sept. 15.   The exam covering this material will be on Sept. 21, 2006 from 3-5 p.m. in 1050 SON. 

To Top

line break

Overview Discussion Modules Home Course Overview Course Discussion Course Modules Course Homepage

Anita Wingate, University of Kansas School of Nursing, August 2006